Imagine a natural substance that can stimulate the growth of new nerve cells in the brain, strengthen connections between neurons, and protect them from damage. Sounds like science fiction? Yet this is the potential of Lion's Mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus), known in traditional medicine for centuries and now intensively studied by modern science. In this article, we'll look at fascinating research on how Lion's Mane affects neurogenesis and whether it can actually help rebuild neural connections.
What is Lion's Mane?
Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus), also called bearded tooth mushroom, or in Japanese Yamabushitake, is an edible mushroom with a characteristic appearance resembling a lion's mane. It grows on dead or dying deciduous trees in North America, Europe, and Asia. For centuries it has been used in traditional medicine of Asian countries not only as food, but also as a remedy supporting digestion, treating stomach ulcers, and preventing cancer.
Modern science became interested in this mushroom for a completely different reason – it was discovered that it contains unique bioactive compounds capable of stimulating neuron growth. This earned Lion's Mane the nickname "smart mushroom."
Bioactive Components
Lion's Mane contains a range of biologically active substances, the most important of which are:
- Hericenones – terpene compounds found in the mushroom fruiting bodies
- Erinacines – terpene compounds found in the mycelium
- Polysaccharides – including beta-glucans with immunomodulating effects
- Phenolic compounds – with antioxidant properties
It is precisely hericenones and erinacines that proved to be key to the neuroprotective properties of Lion's Mane. Importantly, these compounds have a unique ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, which means they can directly affect nerve cells in the brain.
NGF – Nerve Growth Factor: The Key to Neurogenesis
Before we understand how Lion's Mane works, we need to know about NGF (Nerve Growth Factor). This is a protein discovered by Rita Levi-Montalcini, for which she received the Nobel Prize in 1986.
NGF is crucial for:
- Growth and differentiation of neurons – NGF stimulates nerve cells to grow, differentiate, and form new projections (neurites)
- Neuron survival – protects existing neurons from cell death
- Maintaining cholinergic system function – is essential for cholinergic neurons, which play a key role in memory and learning
- Neuroplasticity – the brain's ability to reorganize and create new connections
The problem is that NGF levels decline with age. Studies show that reduced NGF levels are associated with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, the NGF molecule is too large to independently penetrate the blood-brain barrier, which hinders its therapeutic application.
And this is where Lion's Mane comes in.
Breakthrough Discovery: Lion's Mane Stimulates NGF Production
Studies conducted over the past 15 years have provided fascinating evidence that Lion's Mane can stimulate NGF production directly in the brain.
In Vitro Studies (in Cell Cultures)
In a 2008 study, scientists from the University of Malaya showed that aqueous extract from Lion's Mane increased neurite growth (neuron projections) by over 60% in NG108-15 cell cultures. Importantly, this extract induced NGF secretion in these cells, suggesting that active compounds in the mushroom stimulate natural NGF production by the organism itself.
Studies showed that:
- Ethanol extract from Lion's Mane increased NGF mRNA expression in astrocytes (glial cells) to approximately 5-fold the control value at a concentration of 100-150 μg/ml
- The mechanism of action involves activation of the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) signaling pathway
- The effect was dose-dependent – higher concentrations gave stronger effects
2023 Breakthrough: New Active Compounds
In February 2023, a team of scientists from the University of Queensland, Gachon University, and Chungbuk National University published groundbreaking research in the Journal of Neurochemistry. They identified new active compounds in Lion's Mane – N-de phenylethylisohericerin (NDPIH) and its derivative hericene A.
Key discoveries:
- Extracts from Lion's Mane increased the number of neurites at least 3-fold compared to control
- Neurite length increased twofold
- Growth cone size increased – structures at the end of neurites responsible for directing their growth and forming new connections
- Larger growth cones = more potential connections between neurons
Fascinatingly, researchers discovered that NDPIH can stimulate neurite growth even in cells without BDNF receptors, suggesting a unique mechanism of action – different from BDNF, but leading to similar results.
Mouse Studies: In Vivo Confirmation
In the same 2023 study, scientists tested the effect of Lion's Mane on mouse memory. Rodents received either extract from H. erinaceus, a combination of hericene A extracts, or a cognitive-enhancing drug.
The results were impressive:
- Mice treated with Lion's Mane showed better short-term memory than the control group
- Their results were comparable to the group receiving the pro-cognitive drug
- Brain analysis showed increased BDNF levels in areas responsible for memory, learning, and problem-solving (hippocampus, cortex)
- Increased numbers of synapses were observed, suggesting improved communication between neurons
When mice were given Lion's Mane for 7 days (5% of diet), NGF mRNA expression in the hippocampus increased to approximately 1.3-fold the control value. Interestingly, this effect was observed in the hippocampus (crucial for memory), but not in the cerebral cortex, suggesting selective action on specific brain areas.
Molecular Mechanisms: How Lion's Mane Works at the Cellular Level
Research on Lion's Mane mechanisms of action has revealed several key signaling pathways:
1. ERK1/2 Pathway
Compounds from Lion's Mane activate ERK1 and ERK2 enzymes (extracellular signal-regulated kinases), which are crucial for:
- Neurite growth
- Synapse formation
- Memory formation and recall
Fascinatingly, Lion's Mane activates ERK1/2 through a pathway different from traditional neurotrophic factors, which suggests a complementary, not competitive mechanism of action.
2. PI3K/AKT Pathway
Lion's Mane also activates the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is responsible for:
- Neuron survival
- Cell growth
- Glucose metabolism in the brain
3. Anti-inflammatory Action and Myelination Support
Compounds from Lion's Mane show strong anti-inflammatory effects, reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) in the brain. Chronic inflammation is one of the main factors of neurodegeneration, so reducing inflammation is crucial for neuron protection.
In vitro studies showed that Lion's Mane can support neuron myelination – the formation of myelin sheaths around axons, which speeds up nerve impulse conduction and improves communication between neurons.
4. Protection Against Oxidative Stress
Phenolic compounds in Lion's Mane (gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid) act as antioxidants, neutralizing free radicals and protecting neurons from oxidative damage.
Clinical Studies in Humans: What Does the Data Say?
While in vitro and animal studies are promising, the key question is: does Lion's Mane work in humans?
Mori et al. Study (2009) – Pioneering Work
This was the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating the effect of Lion's Mane on cognitive function in humans.
Participants: 30 people aged 50-80 years with mild cognitive impairment
Dose: 3 g Lion's Mane daily (4 tablets of 250 mg, 3 times daily)
Duration: 16 weeks
Results:
- The group receiving Lion's Mane showed significant improvement on the cognitive function scale (Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale) at weeks 8, 12, and 16 compared to placebo
- The improvement was progressive – greater benefits were observed at later time points
- After supplementation ended (4 weeks later), scores slightly decreased, but were still higher than at baseline
Saitsu et al. Study (2019)
Participants: 31 healthy people over 50 years old
Dose: 3.2 g daily
Duration: 12 weeks
Results: Lion's Mane supplementation significantly improved cognitive functions measured by the MMSE test (Mini Mental State Examination) and prevented their deterioration.
Li et al. Study (2020) – Alzheimer's Disease Patients
Participants: 49 patients with mild Alzheimer's disease
Dose: 3 capsules daily (350 mg each, containing 5 mg/g erinacine A) from Lion's Mane mycelium
Duration: 49 weeks
Results:
- Significant improvement in the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale compared to placebo
- No significant effects in cognitive function tests (MMSE, CASI)
- Supplementation was well tolerated, with few adverse effects (abdominal discomfort, nausea, rash in 3 people)
Docherty et al. Study (2023) – Acute and Chronic Effects
This is one of the most comprehensive studies, evaluating both acute (60 minutes after consumption) and chronic (28 days) effects of Lion's Mane.
Participants: 41 healthy young adults (18-45 years)
Dose: 1.8 g Lion's Mane daily
Study type: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
Acute results (60 minutes after consumption):
- Participants taking Lion's Mane performed faster on the Stroop test (p = 0.005) – a test measuring executive functions and inhibitory control
- Reaction time dropped from 737.70 ms to 688.05 ms, representing a 6.7% improvement
Chronic results (28 days):
- Trend toward reduced subjective stress (p = 0.051)
- Some measurements showed neutral or limited negative results
2025 Study: Effects on Healthy Young Adults
The latest study published in Frontiers in Nutrition in February 2025 tested the effect of a high dose of Lion's Mane.
Dose: 3 g extract (equivalent to 30 g fresh fruiting bodies)
Result: Acute consumption of Lion's Mane showed no significant overall improvement in cognitive function and mood compared to placebo. Any benefits may be task-specific or cognitive domain-specific.
Summary of Clinical Studies
Results from human studies are mixed, but several patterns emerge:
- The strongest effects were observed in older people with mild cognitive impairment
- Chronic supplementation (12-16 weeks) appears more effective than single doses
- In healthy young people effects are less pronounced, though some studies show improved processing speed and stress reduction
- Preparation matters – different studies used different extracts (fruiting bodies vs. mycelium) and extraction methods, which could affect active compound concentrations
- Supplementation is safe – most studies report good tolerance with few adverse effects
Neurogenesis – Does Lion's Mane Really Create New Neurons?
Neurogenesis is the process of creating new neurons. For decades it was believed that neurogenesis does not occur in adult humans. This dogma was overturned in the 1990s when it was discovered that new neurons arise in two areas of the adult brain:
- Dentate gyrus of the hippocampus – crucial for learning and memory
- Subventricular zone – neurons from here migrate to the olfactory bulb
Neurogenesis in the hippocampus declines with age and is impaired in neurodegenerative diseases. Can Lion's Mane support it?
Evidence for Supporting Neurogenesis
Mouse studies show that Lion's Mane can support neurogenesis through several mechanisms:
- Increasing NGF and BDNF levels – these growth factors are crucial for stimulating neurogenesis in the hippocampus
- Reducing inflammation – chronic inflammation inhibits neurogenesis, and Lion's Mane reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the brain
- Protection against oxidative stress – free radicals damage neuron stem cells, and antioxidants from Lion's Mane protect them
- Improving the neuronal environment – Lion's Mane reduces microgliosis and astrogliosis (excessive activation of glial cells), creating better conditions for neurogenesis
In studies on mice with Alzheimer's disease, 30-day Lion's Mane supplementation:
- Increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus
- Reduced the number of amyloid plaques
- Improved behavior and cognitive functions
- Increased expression of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE)
Studies on old mice (15 months old) showed that 8-month administration of Lion's Mane prevented cognitive function decline, which was associated with reduced inflammation markers and increased density of cells with glutamate receptors in the hippocampus.
Does This Apply to Humans?
There is no direct evidence of neurogenesis in humans after Lion's Mane supplementation – this would require invasive brain studies. However, indirect evidence (improved cognitive functions, especially memory) suggests that similar mechanisms may occur in humans.
Who Is Lion's Mane For?
Based on available research, Lion's Mane may be particularly beneficial for:
1. Older People with Mild Cognitive Impairment
- Strongest evidence from clinical studies
- Improvement in cognitive functions and activities of daily living
- Potential prevention of dementia progression
2. People Exposed to Chronic Stress
- Reduction of subjective stress
- Protection of neurons from stress-related damage
- Support for nervous system regeneration
3. People Wanting to Support Brain Health Preventively
- Stimulation of NGF and BDNF
- Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects
- Support for neuroplasticity
4. Knowledge Workers
- Improved information processing speed
- Support for concentration and executive functions
- Reduction of cognitive fatigue
How to Supplement with Lion's Mane?
Dosing
Based on clinical studies, recommended doses are:
- For cognitive function support: 1-3 g daily extract from fruiting bodies or mycelium
- For therapy of mild cognitive impairment: 3 g daily for minimum 12-16 weeks
- Erinacine A (from mycelium): 5 mg/g in the preparation
Supplement Form
- Fruiting body extract – contains hericenones
- Mycelium extract – contains erinacines (may be more effective at crossing the blood-brain barrier)
- Dual extract (fruiting bodies + mycelium) – contains both types of active compounds
It's important to choose supplements standardized for active compound content (hericenones, erinacines) and polysaccharides.
When to Take?
- Morning or afternoon – Lion's Mane can support cognitive functions and energy
- With a meal – for better absorption
- Regularly – effects are strongest with chronic supplementation (3-4 months)
Safety and Contraindications
Lion's Mane is generally recognized as safe (GRAS – Generally Recognized As Safe) as food. Adverse effects are rare and may include:
- Gastrointestinal discomfort
- Nausea
- Skin rash
Contraindications:
- Mushroom allergy
- Autoimmune diseases (caution – due to immunomodulating effects)
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding (insufficient safety data)
Always consult supplementation with a doctor, especially if you're taking medications or have chronic diseases.
Synergistic Combinations
Lion's Mane can work synergistically with other brain-supporting ingredients:
- B-complex vitamins – essential for neurotransmitter production and neuron health
- Omega-3 (DHA) – brain building block, supports neurogenesis
- Magnesium – crucial for synaptic plasticity
- NR or NMN – NAD+ precursors, supporting mitochondrial energy in neurons
- Resveratrol – activates SIRT1, supports mitochondrial function and neuroprotection
Summary: Can Lion's Mane Rebuild Neural Connections?
Based on available research, we can say that Lion's Mane has documented potential to support neuron health and neuroplasticity:
What we know for sure:
- Lion's Mane contains unique compounds (hericenones, erinacines) capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier
- It stimulates NGF and BDNF production – key growth factors for neurons
- It increases neurite growth and formation of new neural connections in in vitro and animal studies
- It improves cognitive functions in older people with mild cognitive impairment in clinical studies
- It is safe at doses up to 3 g daily for extended periods
What we don't yet know:
- Whether actual neurogenesis (creation of new neurons) occurs in humans after Lion's Mane supplementation
- What is the optimal dose and form (fruiting bodies vs. mycelium)
- How long supplementation is needed to achieve maximum benefits
- Whether effects are lasting after supplementation ends
Final conclusion: Lion's Mane is not a miracle cure for neurodegenerative diseases, but is a promising natural nootropic supporting brain health, neuroplasticity, and cognitive functions, especially in older people. You'll achieve the best results by combining it with:
- A healthy diet rich in omega-3, antioxidants, and B vitamins
- Regular physical activity (which itself stimulates neurogenesis!)
- Cognitive training (learning new things, puzzles, foreign languages)
- Good sleep (crucial for memory consolidation and removing toxins from the brain)
- Stress management
Your brain has an incredible ability to regenerate and adapt throughout life. Lion's Mane can be one of the tools supporting this process – not a magic pill, but solid, scientifically documented support for the longevity of your mind.
Bibliografia i źródła
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